Spain
The Spain pages use the Banco de España general government EDP debt (deuda PDE) as the headline and draw on INE, IGAE, Eurostat, and the ECB as primary sources per metric. The headline follows the euro-area Maastricht definition, with Eurostat and IMF references attached for comparison.
| Metric | Primary source | As of | Supporting |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Debt | Banco de España — General Government EDP Debt | 2026-03-31 | IMF Global Debt Database, Eurostat gov_10dd_edpt1 (EDP) |
| Total Household Debt | Banco de España — Household Debt (Financial Accounts) | 2026-03-31 | — |
| Mortgage Debt | Banco de España — Household Housing Loans | 2026-04-30 | — |
| Credit Card Debt | Banco de España — Household Consumer Credit (revolving / cards) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| GDP | INE Spain — Nominal GDP (Quarterly National Accounts) | 2025-12-31 | World Bank GDP (current LCU) |
| Population | INE Spain — Population (Cifras de Población) | 2026-04-01 | World Bank population, total |
| Government Revenue | IGAE Spain — General Government Revenue (2025) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| Government Spending | IGAE Spain — General Government Expenditure (2025) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| Total Exports | INE Spain — Foreign Trade Statistics (Exports, 2025) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| Total Imports | INE Spain — Foreign Trade Statistics (Imports, 2025) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| Current Account Balance | Banco de España — Balance of Payments (Current Account) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| Foreign Reserves | Banco de España — Official Reserve Assets (Spanish share of Eurosystem) | 2026-06-30 | — |
| External Debt | Banco de España — Gross External Debt (IIP basis) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| Unemployment Rate | INE Spain — Labour Force Survey (EPA) | 2026-03-31 | — |
| Inflation Rate | INE Spain — Consumer Price Index (IPC) | 2026-06-30 | — |
| Interest Rate | ECB Deposit Facility Rate (Spain is in the €-area) | 2026-06-17 | — |
| FX Rate (USD ↔ Local) | ECB Reference Rate (USD/EUR mid) | 2026-07-16 | — |
| Debt per Citizen | Derived (computed from base series) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| Household Debt per Citizen | Derived (computed from base series) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| Debt to GDP | Derived (computed from base series) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| Fiscal Balance | Derived (computed from base series) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| Trade Balance | Derived (computed from base series) | 2025-12-31 | — |
How to read this table
The primary sources for the Spain pages are Banco de España debt statistics and National Statistics Institute (INE) GDP and population data. Eurostat and IMF material is cited only as secondary, when euro-area or international comparison is being attached. The headline government debt is on the EDP (Excessive Deficit Procedure) basis — the Maastricht measure of general government gross debt — which is the first thing to confirm in the table.
The EDP basis has the advantage of a definition standardised for comparison between euro area member states, but comparing outside the euro area requires re-checking the counterpart’s series. It is gross rather than net and recorded at face value, so placing it beside a figure net of government financial assets mismatches the bases. When reconciling with Korea, D2 is the closest series.
Release schedules differ by series. Debt statistics and GDP are quarterly while population updates annually, so ratio indicators may carry different base dates for numerator and denominator. When citing, state that the figure is on the EDP basis and carry the base date with it; the links in the table lead to the original releases.
Series by series: publisher, cadence, revisions and how to check
Government debt and the budget
EDP general government debt can be downloaded monthly and quarterly from the “Deuda pública” section of the Banco de España statistics pages. Breakdowns by subsector (central, regional, local, social security) and instrument (securities, loans and so on) come with it, so you can see where the headline grew. Revenue and expenditure are the annual general government accounts compiled on a national-accounts basis by the IGAE, validated alongside the Eurostat EDP notifications — which is why these two series fit into the same definitional framework as the debt.
Base dates and source data
- National Debt — Banco de España — General Government EDP Debt · 2026-03-31 · bde.es
- Government Revenue — IGAE Spain — General Government Revenue (2025) · 2025-12-31 · igae.pap.hacienda.gob.es
- Government Spending — IGAE Spain — General Government Expenditure (2025) · 2025-12-31 · igae.pap.hacienda.gob.es
Household debt
Household debt is quarterly data from the Banco de España financial accounts (Cuentas Financieras), and housing loans are the monthly credit-institution lending statistics in the bank’s statistical bulletin. The two differ in scope, so subtracting housing loans from total household debt does not give consumer debt. Consumer and card credit lacks a clearly published breakdown, so it is tagged as an estimate and not recommended for citation. Spanish mortgages have a large share of variable rates, so ECB rate changes pass through quickly to household interest costs — worth keeping in mind when reading these series.
Base dates and source data
Denominators: GDP and population
Nominal GDP is from INE’s quarterly national accounts (CNTR) and population from INE’s quarterly population statistics. The CNTR flash comes out about 30 days after the quarter, is revised the next quarter, and past years are rewritten when the annual national accounts are revised. Spain’s population is growing with immigration, so other things equal the denominator of debt per person rises — which changes the reading when per-person values are compared with Korea or Japan, whose populations are shrinking.
Base dates and source data
External accounts, prices and rates
The current account, external debt and reserve assets come from the Banco de España balance of payments and international investment position statistics. Trade links to INE, but the underlying data are customs clearance records. Unemployment is INE’s quarterly Labour Force Survey (EPA), and prices are INE’s consumer price index (IPC), with a flash estimate at the end of each month. The interest rate is the ECB deposit facility rate and the exchange rate the ECB reference rate published each business day. Euro-denominated external debt also contains intra-Eurosystem settlement balances (TARGET), which calls for care in cross-country comparisons.
Base dates and source data
- External Debt — Banco de España — Gross External Debt (IIP basis) · 2025-12-31 · bde.es
- Foreign Reserves — Banco de España — Official Reserve Assets (Spanish share of Eurosystem) · 2026-06-30 · bde.es
- Current Account Balance — Banco de España — Balance of Payments (Current Account) · 2025-12-31 · bde.es
- Total Exports — INE Spain — Foreign Trade Statistics (Exports, 2025) · 2025-12-31 · ine.es
- Total Imports — INE Spain — Foreign Trade Statistics (Imports, 2025) · 2025-12-31 · ine.es
- Unemployment Rate — INE Spain — Labour Force Survey (EPA) · 2026-03-31 · ine.es
- Inflation Rate — INE Spain — Consumer Price Index (IPC) · 2026-06-30 · ine.es
- Interest Rate — ECB Deposit Facility Rate (Spain is in the €-area) · 2026-06-17 · ecb.europa.eu
- FX Rate (USD ↔ Local) — ECB Reference Rate (USD/EUR mid) · 2026-07-16 · ecb.europa.eu