Spain

The Spain pages use the Banco de España general government EDP debt (deuda PDE) as the headline and draw on INE, IGAE, Eurostat, and the ECB as primary sources per metric. The headline follows the euro-area Maastricht definition, with Eurostat and IMF references attached for comparison.

How to read this table

The primary sources for the Spain pages are Banco de España debt statistics and National Statistics Institute (INE) GDP and population data. Eurostat and IMF material is cited only as secondary, when euro-area or international comparison is being attached. The headline government debt is on the EDP (Excessive Deficit Procedure) basis — the Maastricht measure of general government gross debt — which is the first thing to confirm in the table.

The EDP basis has the advantage of a definition standardised for comparison between euro area member states, but comparing outside the euro area requires re-checking the counterpart’s series. It is gross rather than net and recorded at face value, so placing it beside a figure net of government financial assets mismatches the bases. When reconciling with Korea, D2 is the closest series.

Release schedules differ by series. Debt statistics and GDP are quarterly while population updates annually, so ratio indicators may carry different base dates for numerator and denominator. When citing, state that the figure is on the EDP basis and carry the base date with it; the links in the table lead to the original releases.