Redefining the words

Economic vocabulary is often the source of misunderstanding. Three definitions (D1, D2, D3) hide inside the single phrase "national debt," and the debt-to-GDP ratio can differ by more than 2× depending on which you pick.

National Debt (D1)
Borrowings and bonds issued by central and local governments — the narrowest definition.
General Government Debt (D2)
D1 plus debt of non-profit public institutions (e.g. NHIS). Used for IMF-basis international comparison.
Public Sector Debt (D3)
D2 plus debt of non-financial public enterprises — the broadest definition.
Household Credit
Bank of Korea aggregate: household loans (mortgages, personal credit) + merchandise credit (cards, installments).
Debt-to-GDP Ratio
Debt divided by nominal GDP. Higher ratios imply heavier servicing burdens.
Current Account
Goods + services + primary income + secondary income. A surplus means net FX inflow.
Foreign Reserves
Foreign-currency assets held by the central bank — the last line of defense in FX or external-payment stress.
External Debt
Debt owed by residents to non-residents, broken down by maturity (short/long) and sector.
Fiscal Balance
Government revenue minus expenditure. Negative = deficit, positive = surplus.
Annual Growth Rate
The g used for interpolation on this site — drawn from the latest year-on-year changes published by Statistics Korea and the BoK.
Nominal vs Real GDP
Nominal GDP is measured at current prices (inflation included); real GDP strips inflation out against a base year. Since debt is repaid in nominal terms, the ratios here use nominal GDP.
Policy Rate (Base Rate)
The benchmark rate set by the central bank. Interest on household loans and government bonds starts here, so a hike directly raises the cost of carrying debt.
Interpolation
Filling the gaps between official releases by compounding a known figure by (1+g). This is what drives the live counters on this site.
LGFV (Local Government Financing Vehicle)
An investment company Chinese local governments use to borrow off the books. Because it falls outside official government debt, it sits at the heart of the "hidden debt" debate.
EDP Debt (Maastricht Basis)
The general-government debt the euro area reports under its Excessive Deficit Procedure. It is the official yardstick for members like Spain and corresponds to our D2.
Debt to the Penny
The official U.S. Treasury series that reports the federal debt outstanding every day, down to the cent. It is the source of the U.S. figures shown here.
Rollover (Refinancing)
Repaying maturing debt by issuing new debt. Roll it over after rates have risen and the same debt suddenly costs more to service.
Deleveraging
The process of paying debt down to lower the debt ratio. It typically follows a crisis, as households and firms cut back to shed borrowing.
용어 사전 · WorldRealDebt