Redefining the words
Economic vocabulary is often the source of misunderstanding. Three definitions (D1, D2, D3) hide inside the single phrase "national debt," and the debt-to-GDP ratio can differ by more than 2× depending on which you pick.
- National Debt (D1)
- Borrowings and bonds issued by central and local governments — the narrowest definition.
- General Government Debt (D2)
- D1 plus debt of non-profit public institutions (e.g. NHIS). Used for IMF-basis international comparison.
- Public Sector Debt (D3)
- D2 plus debt of non-financial public enterprises — the broadest definition.
- Household Credit
- Bank of Korea aggregate: household loans (mortgages, personal credit) + merchandise credit (cards, installments).
- Debt-to-GDP Ratio
- Debt divided by nominal GDP. Higher ratios imply heavier servicing burdens.
- Current Account
- Goods + services + primary income + secondary income. A surplus means net FX inflow.
- Foreign Reserves
- Foreign-currency assets held by the central bank — the last line of defense in FX or external-payment stress.
- External Debt
- Debt owed by residents to non-residents, broken down by maturity (short/long) and sector.
- Fiscal Balance
- Government revenue minus expenditure. Negative = deficit, positive = surplus.
- Annual Growth Rate
- The g used for interpolation on this site — drawn from the latest year-on-year changes published by Statistics Korea and the BoK.
- Nominal vs Real GDP
- Nominal GDP is measured at current prices (inflation included); real GDP strips inflation out against a base year. Since debt is repaid in nominal terms, the ratios here use nominal GDP.
- Policy Rate (Base Rate)
- The benchmark rate set by the central bank. Interest on household loans and government bonds starts here, so a hike directly raises the cost of carrying debt.
- Interpolation
- Filling the gaps between official releases by compounding a known figure by (1+g). This is what drives the live counters on this site.
- LGFV (Local Government Financing Vehicle)
- An investment company Chinese local governments use to borrow off the books. Because it falls outside official government debt, it sits at the heart of the "hidden debt" debate.
- EDP Debt (Maastricht Basis)
- The general-government debt the euro area reports under its Excessive Deficit Procedure. It is the official yardstick for members like Spain and corresponds to our D2.
- Debt to the Penny
- The official U.S. Treasury series that reports the federal debt outstanding every day, down to the cent. It is the source of the U.S. figures shown here.
- Rollover (Refinancing)
- Repaying maturing debt by issuing new debt. Roll it over after rates have risen and the same debt suddenly costs more to service.
- Deleveraging
- The process of paying debt down to lower the debt ratio. It typically follows a crisis, as households and firms cut back to shed borrowing.