China
The China pages use Ministry of Finance and National Bureau of Statistics releases as primary sources, then attach IMF or World Bank links only for comparison context. Hidden local debt and LGFV estimates are not merged into the headline series.
| Metric | Primary | As of | Supporting |
|---|---|---|---|
| nationalDebt | China MOF 2025 Central + Local Government Debt Final Accounts | 2025-12-31 | IMF Global Debt Database |
| gdp | China NBS 2025 GDP (preliminary) | 2025-12-31 | World Bank GDP (current LCU) |
| population | China NBS End-2025 Population | 2025-12-31 | World Bank population, total |
| householdDebt | PBOC Household Loan Outstanding (total) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| mortgageDebt | PBOC Personal Mortgage Loan Outstanding | 2025-12-31 | — |
| creditCardDebt | PBOC Credit Card Outstanding | 2025-12-31 | — |
| govRevenue | China MOF 2025 General Public Budget Revenue | 2025-12-31 | — |
| govSpending | China MOF 2025 General Public Budget Expenditure | 2025-12-31 | — |
| exports | China GACC Annual Exports (2024) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| imports | China GACC Annual Imports (2024) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| currentAccount | China SAFE Balance of Payments — Current Account (2024) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| foreignReserves | China SAFE FX Reserves (USD ≈ 3.4T) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| externalDebt | China SAFE External Debt (USD ≈ 2.45T) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| unemploymentRate | China NBS Urban Surveyed Unemployment Rate (2024 avg) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| inflationRate | China NBS Consumer Price Index (2024 annual avg) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| interestRate | PBOC 1Y Loan Prime Rate (end-2025) | 2026-07-14 | — |
| exchangeRate | PBOC USD/CNY Central Parity (2025-12 ballpark) | 2026-07-14 | — |
| debtPerCitizen | Derived (computed from base series) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| householdDebtPerCitizen | Derived (computed from base series) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| debtToGDP | Derived (computed from base series) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| fiscalBalance | Derived (computed from base series) | 2025-12-31 | — |
| tradeBalance | Derived (computed from base series) | 2025-12-31 | — |
How to read this table
For the China pages the primary sources are Ministry of Finance accounts and the National Bureau of Statistics. IMF and World Bank material is cited only as secondary, when international comparison is being attached. This distinction matters especially here because institutions draw the perimeter of Chinese debt differently. Augmented estimates that include local government financing vehicles are never merged into the headline figure; they appear only as a separate series.
Release schedules also differ by series. Ministry of Finance accounts are finalised annually, National Bureau of Statistics GDP is quarterly, and population is an annual estimate. A ratio to GDP can therefore rest on different base dates for numerator and denominator, and both may be revised together at the next official release. When the figure on screen shifts abruptly, that revision is usually why.
When citing, always state whether the figure is on the official or the augmented basis. Augmented measures are estimates and differ between institutions, so a reproducible citation has to name whose estimate it is. Following the links in the table to the original release is the surest route.